institutions (formal systems)

Institutions are established systems and structures, often created by societies, that organize and regulate behavior. They include formal rules, laws, and organizations like governments, schools, and legal systems that guide how people interact, make decisions, and resolve disputes. Think of institutions as the underlying framework that provides stability, order, and predictability in daily life, ensuring society functions smoothly and fairly over time. Rather than just individual actions, they shape the environment in which those actions occur, helping communities coordinate and cooperate effectively.