input-process-output model

The input-process-output (IPO) model is a way to understand how a system or activity works. Inputs are the resources or information you start with, like data or materials. The process is what happens to transform those inputs—such as analysis, assembly, or calculation. Outputs are the final products or results you get after processing. For example, in a kitchen, ingredients are inputs, cooking is the process, and the finished dish is the output. This model helps analyze and improve systems by clearly identifying each stage.