Innocent III

Pope Innocent III, who reigned from 1198 to 1216, was one of the most powerful and influential popes in history. He played a key role in shaping the medieval Catholic Church and European politics. Innocent III believed in the pope's spiritual authority over secular rulers and often intervened in political matters, including excommunicating kings and influencing monarchies. He launched the Fourth Crusade, supported the establishment of the Franciscan and Dominican orders, and promoted church reforms. His papacy marked the height of papal power in the Middle Ages, solidifying the church's role in both religious and political affairs.