IND (Independent Subway System)

The Independent Subway System (IND) was a public subway network in New York City, created in the 1930s to compete with private subway companies. Managed by the city, it aimed to provide affordable, extensive transit service across Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. The IND introduced modern design and engineering standards, contributing to a more unified and accessible subway system. Over time, it was integrated with other subway lines, forming part of the larger Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Today, the IND's legacy remains as the backbone of much of New York City’s subway infrastructure.