human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are rare brain disorders caused by abnormal proteins called prions. These misfolded proteins damage brain tissue, creating a sponge-like appearance and leading to neurological decline. TSEs, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), can occur spontaneously, be inherited, or transmitted through contaminated medical instruments, brain tissue, or certain contaminated foods. The diseases progress rapidly, are fatal, and currently have no effective treatment. Prions are resistant to standard sterilization, making prevention critical. Understanding and minimizing exposure are key to reducing the risk of these serious brain disorders.