human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system

The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system consists of genes that produce proteins on the surface of cells, helping the immune system distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign invaders like bacteria or viruses. These proteins act as markers, signaling whether a cell belongs to the person or is potentially harmful. Proper HLA functioning is vital for immune response, organ transplants, and understanding genetic susceptibilities to diseases. Variations in HLA genes are common and play a key role in immune system compatibility and disease risk.