host-pathogen interactions

Host-pathogen interactions involve the dynamic battle between a living organism (the host) and invading microorganisms (pathogens) like bacteria, viruses, or fungi. When a pathogen enters the body, it tries to establish itself and multiply, often causing illness. The host’s immune system detects these invaders and activates defenses—such as producing antibodies or inflammation—to identify, attack, and eliminate the pathogen. Conversely, pathogens can evolve strategies to evade or weaken the immune response. This ongoing interaction determines whether the infection is controlled, persists, or causes disease, shaping the outcome of health and illness.