Homogeneity and Isotropy

Homogeneity and isotropy are concepts used to describe the large-scale properties of the universe. Homogeneity means that, on a vast scale, the universe is uniform; its composition and structures are similar no matter where you look. Isotropy means the universe appears the same in all directions—no preferred directions or special points. Together, these ideas suggest that the universe looks largely the same everywhere and in every direction at a large scale, providing a foundation for cosmological models and helping us understand the universe's overall structure and evolution.