Holling's Panarchy Framework

Holling's Panarchy Framework describes how ecosystems and social systems are interconnected and evolve through dynamic cycles of growth, decay, renewal, and change. It highlights that these systems are nested at different scales—small, local, and global—and that their health depends on the balance and interactions across these levels. The framework emphasizes flexibility and resilience, showing how systems can adapt and recover from disturbances by shifting between different states. Overall, it illustrates that change is natural and that understanding these interconnected, multi-scale processes can help manage and sustain complex systems more effectively.