Historical geography of Armenia

The historical geography of Armenia reflects its position at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, shaped by diverse civilizations over millennia. Located in the South Caucasus region, Armenia's terrain includes rugged mountains (notably the Armenian Highlands) and fertile valleys, fostering early civilization and agriculture. Its strategic location made it a focal point in trade routes like the Silk Road and subject to invasions by Romans, Byzantines, Persians, Arabs, and Turks. Despite historical borders fluctuating, Armenia's cultural core remains tied to its mountainous landscape, influencing its language, religion, and identity, and shaping its resilient history as an independent nation and part of larger empires.