Historical contributions to surgery

Historical contributions to surgery include advances like the development of antiseptic techniques by Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister, which greatly reduced infections. Early surgeons improved procedures through innovative tools and understanding of anatomy. Anesthetics, introduced in the 19th century, allowed pain-free operations. The invention of sterilization, X-rays, and modern techniques like sutures and implants have transformed surgical outcomes. Over time, surgical practice has become safer, more precise, and less invasive, driven by scientific discoveries and technological innovations that continue to enhance patient care.