Historic Fortifications of Europe

The Historic Fortifications of Europe are an array of defensive structures built over centuries to protect cities and territories from invasions and attacks. These include walls, castles, ramparts, and battlements, often reflecting advances in military technology and strategic thinking. They served not only as defense but also as symbols of power and control. Today, many are preserved as cultural heritage sites, offering insight into Europe’s complex history and evolving warfare. These fortifications showcase architectural ingenuity and represent the enduring importance of defense in shaping European identity.