Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM)

Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), also known as multilevel modeling, is a statistical technique used to analyze data that is organized at multiple levels, such as students within schools or employees within companies. It accounts for the fact that data points within the same group may be more similar to each other than to those in different groups. HLM helps researchers understand how variables at different levels influence outcomes, for example, how both individual characteristics and school-level factors collectively impact student performance, providing more accurate insights than traditional methods that ignore this layered structure.