heterogeneous catalysts

Heterogeneous catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions while remaining in a different phase (usually solid) from the reactants (often gases or liquids). They work by providing a surface where reactant molecules can attach, break old bonds, and form new ones more easily. This process lowers the energy needed for the reaction, making it faster without being consumed. Common examples include used in catalytic converters in cars and in the production of fuels and chemicals, helping processes be more efficient and environmentally friendly.