halorhodopsins

Halorhodopsins are light-sensitive proteins found in certain microorganisms, acting as natural ion pumps. When they absorb specific wavelengths of light, they move chloride ions into the cell, causing a decrease in electrical activity. Scientists harness halorhodopsins in neuroscience to control nerve cell function with light, allowing precise activation or inhibition of neurons. This technique, called optogenetics, helps researchers understand brain circuits and develop potential therapies for neurological disorders. Essentially, halorhodopsins are biological tools that translate light signals into controlled changes in cell activity, providing a powerful method to study and manipulate complex biological systems.