Grupo fundamental

In mathematics, a "grupo fundamental" (fundamental group) is a concept that captures the idea of how spaces can be looped or navigated. It studies the different ways you can travel around a space and return to your starting point without tearing or cutting it, focusing on the loops' properties. For example, a sphere has a trivial fundamental group because any loop can be shrunk to a point, while a donut-shaped object has a more complex fundamental group due to the hole. This concept helps mathematicians understand the shape, structure, and connectivity of spaces in a precise way.