Graph isomorphism

Graph isomorphism refers to the idea that two different graphs can actually be structurally the same, even if their visual representations look different. Imagine two networks with the same pattern of connections between points, but arranged differently. If you can rename or relabel the points in one graph to make it look exactly like the other, then the two graphs are isomorphic. It’s about recognizing that they have the same underlying structure, just possibly presented differently, which is useful for comparing complex systems in areas like chemistry, computer science, and network analysis.