Goldman equation (biophysics)

The Goldman equation describes how ions like sodium, potassium, and chloride pass through a cell membrane, creating electrical signals. It considers each ion’s concentration inside and outside the cell, as well as how easily it can cross the membrane. By balancing these factors, the equation predicts the resting voltage across the membrane (called the membrane potential). Essentially, it explains how differences in ion concentrations and membrane permeability work together to produce the electrical signals essential for nerve and muscle functions.