glassmaking techniques

Glassmaking involves melting raw materials like silica (sand), soda ash, and limestone at high temperatures until they liquefy. The molten glass is then shaped using various methods: it can be blown into molds, rolled into sheets, or pressed into forms. After shaping, the glass cools gradually to prevent cracking, a process called annealing. Additives may be mixed in to alter color, clarity, or strength. Skilled artisans or machines control the entire process to produce a wide range of glass products, from windows and bottles to intricate artworks.