Gauge Theories

Gauge theories are fundamental frameworks in physics that describe how particles interact through the exchange of force-carrying particles, like photons for electromagnetism or gluons for the strong force. They are based on the principle that certain types of transformations—acting on a system—leave the underlying physics unchanged, resembling how a landscape remains the same despite different viewpoints. In experimental particle physics, gauge theories provide a foundation for predicting the behaviors and properties of elementary particles, helping scientists design experiments, understand particle collisions, and explore the forces governing the universe.