Gangliosides

Gangliosides are complex molecules found in the outer layer of nerve cell membranes. They consist of fats (lipids) attached to sugar chains, including molecules called sialic acids. These structures play important roles in cell communication, receptor functions, and protecting nerve cells. Gangliosides are especially abundant in the brain and nervous system, contributing to neural development, signaling, and repair. They also help differentiate nerve cells from other cell types and are involved in immune responses. Because of their functions, abnormalities in ganglioside metabolism can be linked to neurological diseases.