Fundamental Forces

Fundamental forces are the basic interactions that govern how particles behave in the universe. In Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the strong force binds quarks together to form protons and neutrons inside atomic nuclei. Collider physics studies high-energy collisions to explore these forces and discover new particles. Neutrino physics investigates neutrinos—tiny, nearly massless particles that interact via the weak force. Together, these forces (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational) create the framework for understanding atomic and subatomic interactions, shaping everything from the structure of matter to the evolution of the cosmos.