Freundlich adsorption isotherm

The Freundlich adsorption isotherm describes how substances, like pollutants, stick to surfaces (such as charcoal) unevenly, with more particles attaching at sites with higher affinity. It shows that adsorption increases with concentration but at a decreasing rate, meaning flow slows as the surface becomes saturated. Mathematically, it relates the amount of substance adsorbed to its concentration in a way that accounts for surface heterogeneity. This model helps understand and predict how effectively materials can remove contaminants from liquids or gases, particularly when dealing with complex or uneven surfaces.