Free-Space Propagation

Free-space propagation refers to the transmission of electromagnetic signals, such as radio waves, through the air or space without the use of cables or fibers. Think of it like a flashlight beam traveling through the dark—light spreads out and travels until it reaches a receiver. Factors like distance, obstacles, atmospheric conditions, and frequency impact how well the signal maintains strength and clarity over space. This concept is fundamental in wireless communication systems like satellite links, radio broadcasting, and Wi-Fi, where signals move freely through the environment to connect devices across distances.