Fourth Lateran Council

The Fourth Lateran Council, held in 1215, was a major meeting of Christendom’s leaders, convened by Pope Innocent III. It aimed to address church reforms, clarify doctrines, and respond to challenges like heresy and political issues. Key outcomes included defining the doctrine of transubstantiation, requiring all Catholics to confess sins annually, and establishing measures to combat heresy, such as use of inquisitions. The council also reinforced church authority and strengthened the organization of Christendom, shaping Catholic practice and doctrine for centuries.