Fluence

Fluence is a measure of the total amount of energy transferred or received over a specific area during a given time, typically expressed in joules per square meter (J/m²). In practical terms, it quantifies how much energy from a source like sunlight or a laser hits a surface, which helps determine effects such as heating, damage, or activation. Understanding fluence is essential in fields like medical treatments, laser systems, and solar energy, as it helps ensure safety, efficacy, and proper performance by controlling how much energy is delivered to a target area.