Fernando VII (King of Spain)

Fernando VII was King of Spain from 1808 to 1833, with a brief interruption during Napoleon’s control. His reign was marked by political instability, including the Napoleonic Wars and the Spanish War of Independence. He initially supported liberal reforms but later became a staunch conservative, undoing many progressive changes and restoring absolute monarchy. His rule faced significant challenges from independence movements in Spanish America, which led to the loss of many colonies. Fernando's reign reflects a complex period of upheaval as Spain transitioned from absolute monarchy toward constitutionalism amid internal conflict.