Fermi Gases

Fermi gases are collections of particles called fermions—such as electrons, protons, or neutrons—that obey the Pauli exclusion principle, which prevents them from occupying the same quantum state simultaneously. In a Fermi gas, these particles move freely within a container or medium, filling available energy states from lowest to highest, creating a distribution known as the Fermi-Dirac distribution. This behavior is fundamental in understanding the properties of metals, neutron stars, and quantum systems, influencing characteristics like electrical conductivity and thermal properties in materials.