female genital mutilation

Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves the partial or total removal or injury of external female genitalia for non-medical reasons, often due to cultural, religious, or social beliefs. It is typically performed without anesthesia, sometimes using sharp tools, and can cause severe physical and psychological health problems, including pain, infection, childbirth complications, and emotional trauma. FGM has no health benefits and is recognized internationally as a violation of human rights. Efforts are focused on education, legal measures, and support for affected women and girls to prevent this practice.