Fall of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire declined over the 19th and early 20th centuries due to internal issues, military defeats, and increasing pressure from European powers. Nationalist movements within its diverse territories sought independence, weakening central control. Economic challenges, administrative corruption, and failure to modernize also contributed. The empire's participation in World War I on the side of the Central Powers led to military defeat, occupation, and the eventual dissolution. In 1922, the Ottoman Sultanate was abolished, and in 1923, the Republic of Turkey was established, marking the empire's final end.