Fakir Musafar

Fakir Musafar (1930–2017) was a pioneer in modern-day body modification and primal rituals. He explored how extreme physical experiences and body modifications—such as piercing, scarification, and bondage—connect to spiritual, cultural, and psychological expressions. Often called the father of the modern primal and body art movement, he sought to push the boundaries of self-exploration and cultural norms around body image. His work emphasized the importance of authentic, personal experience in understanding human identity and transformation through controlled pain and ritualized practices.