Fabrication and Falsification

Fabrication involves making up false data or results that did not actually occur or were not observed, essentially creating information out of thin air. Falsification, on the other hand, means manipulating or altering real data, results, or processes to misrepresent the truth. Both actions compromise the integrity of research, as they present inaccurate information as genuine, potentially misleading others and undermining trust in scientific or scholarly work. These unethical practices distort the pursuit of knowledge and can have serious consequences for the credibility of researchers and their work.