extrinsic semiconductors

Extrinsic semiconductors are materials like silicon that have been intentionally altered by adding tiny amounts of other elements, called dopants, to change their electrical properties. This process, known as doping, introduces extra free electrons (n-type) or creates "holes" where electrons are missing (p-type), enabling the material to conduct electricity more efficiently. These modifications allow semiconductors to be precisely controlled for use in electronic devices like computers and smartphones, making them essential for modern technology.