Europe in the 18th century

In the 18th century, Europe experienced significant cultural, political, and intellectual growth known as the Enlightenment, emphasizing reason and science. This era saw the rise of scientific discoveries, philosophical ideas, and new political thoughts challenging traditional authority. Economically, countries expanded trade and industrial activities, shifting from agrarian societies to more complex economies. Politically, monarchies maintained power, but ideas about democracy and human rights began to emerge. Conflicts like the War of Spanish Succession and territorial disputes shaped borders, setting the stage for future revolutions and modern nation-states. Overall, it was a period of transformation, balancing tradition with innovation.