Equivalence Ratio

The equivalence ratio measures how much fuel is mixed with air in combustion compared to the optimal amount needed for complete burning. A ratio of 1 (or 100%) means the fuel and air are perfectly balanced for efficient combustion. A ratio less than 1 indicates a fuel-lean mixture with more air than needed, leading to cooler, cleaner burns. A ratio greater than 1 means a fuel-rich mixture with more fuel than ideal, which can produce more soot and emissions. This ratio helps in optimizing engine performance and minimizing pollutants.