Epistemology (Theory of Knowledge)

Epistemology, or the theory of knowledge, examines how we know what we know and the foundations of our beliefs. In the context of science, it explores how scientific methods—observation, experimentation, and reasoning—help establish reliable knowledge about the natural world. It also considers values, questioning how personal beliefs and societal influences affect our understanding and interpretation of knowledge. Essentially, epistemology helps clarify how we distinguish between justified beliefs and mere opinions, highlighting the importance of critical thinking in both scientific inquiry and everyday life.