Epidemiology of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is mainly caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), which is commonly transmitted through sexual contact. It typically develops slowly over many years, often starting as abnormal cell changes in the cervix. Screening methods like Pap smears and HPV tests help detect these changes early, improving treatment outcomes. The risk factors include multiple sexual partners, smoking, long-term use of oral contraceptives, and a weakened immune system. Vaccination against HPV and regular screenings have significantly reduced the incidence of cervical cancer worldwide. Most cases occur in regions with limited access to screening and vaccination services.