Enrico Fermi (Fermi-Dirac Statistics)

Enrico Fermi developed a way to describe how particles called fermions (like electrons) distribute themselves among energy states in systems at very small scales, such as atoms and solids. His Fermi-Dirac statistics explain why particles follow the Pauli exclusion principle, which prevents them from sharing the same quantum state. This model helps scientists understand behaviors of particles in metals, semiconductors, and astrophysical objects like neutron stars, influencing how we grasp electricity, quantum physics, and the structure of matter at microscopic levels.