ELMs (Edge Localized Modes)

Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) are periodic bursts of energy and particles expelled from the edge of a tokamak's plasma, a device used to contain high-temperature fusion fuel. These bursts occur when the plasma's edge becomes unstable due to steep pressure and current gradients, causing temporary releases of energy that can damage equipment. ELMs are a key challenge in achieving sustained fusion reactions, as controlling or mitigating them is essential for maintaining device integrity and improving performance. Researchers study ELMs to develop methods to predict and limit their impact in fusion reactors.