Electrothermal propulsion

Electrothermal propulsion uses electrical energy to generate heat, which then heats a propellant—such as a gas or fluid—to produce thrust. In this system, electricity (often from solar panels) runs through a heating element or coils, quickly raising the temperature of the propellant. The expanding hot gases are expelled through a nozzle, creating forward motion. This method allows precise control of thrust and efficient operation, making it suitable for satellite station-keeping and orbit adjustments. Unlike chemical propulsion, electrothermal systems use electricity instead of stored chemical fuel, offering a cleaner and often more efficient way to propel spacecraft over longer durations.