electronic effects

Electronic effects refer to how the distribution and movement of electrons within molecules influence their chemical behavior. Electrons can shift or be redistributed when atoms or groups are attached, affecting a molecule’s stability, reactivity, and interactions. For example, some groups attract electrons toward themselves (electron-withdrawing), making nearby parts more positive, while others push electrons away (electron-donating). These effects help predict how molecules will react, how stable they are, and how they interact with other substances. Understanding electronic effects is essential for designing chemicals and understanding biological processes at a molecular level.