Electron Screening

Electron screening is a phenomenon in nuclear physics where electrons surrounding atomic nuclei influence nuclear reactions. These electrons create a negative electric field that partially shields the positively charged nucleus, reducing the effective repulsive force between atomic nuclei during encounters. As a result, nuclei can come closer together more easily, which can increase the likelihood of fusion or other reactions occurring at lower energies than would otherwise be necessary. This effect is especially important in astrophysics and nuclear fusion research, where it helps explain how reactions happen efficiently inside stars and experimental reactors.