Einstein model

The Einstein model explains how the heat capacity of solids increases with temperature by imagining atoms as tiny, independent vibrating springs, each oscillating at the same frequency. As temperature rises, these vibrations absorb energy in discrete chunks called quanta. The model captures how atoms gain vibrational energy, contributing to the solid's overall heat capacity, especially at higher temperatures. While it simplifies real atomic interactions by treating vibrations as identical and independent, it provides a good approximation for understanding how materials warm and how their atomic motions relate to temperature.