Early Islamic history

Early Islamic history begins with the Prophet Muhammad, who received revelations around 610 CE in Mecca, founding a new monotheistic faith. After facing persecution, he and followers migrated to Medina in 622 CE, marking the start of the Islamic calendar. Muhammad unified Arabian tribes, spreading Islam. After his death in 632 CE, leadership passed to caliphs who expanded the empire across the Middle East, North Africa, and beyond. This period saw significant cultural, scientific, and religious development, laying the foundation for a major civilization that influenced history, science, trade, and culture for centuries.