E Fortifications (European)

E fortifications, or European fortifications, refer to the defensive structures built across Europe during various historical periods to protect cities, borders, and important locations. These include walls, towers, moats, and ramparts designed to defend against invasions, sieges, and attacks. Their architecture evolved over time, from medieval stone walls to star-shaped bastions in the early modern period, reflecting advances in military technology such as artillery. Today, these fortifications serve as cultural heritage sites, offering insight into Europe's historical conflicts and engineering ingenuity.