Dynorphins

Dynorphins are naturally occurring peptides in the brain that act as neurotransmitters, meaning they help transmit signals between nerve cells. They primarily bind to kappa-opioid receptors, influencing mood, stress response, and pain perception. Dynorphins play a role in regulating feelings of pleasure and discomfort, and their activity can affect stress resilience and emotional balance. While they are essential for normal brain function, excessive activation of dynorphin systems has been linked to feelings of despair and may contribute to certain mental health conditions like depression and addiction.