Duchy of Tuscany

The Duchy of Tuscany was a historical territory in central Italy, established in 1569 when the Grand Duchy was created by the Holy Roman Emperor for the ruling Medici family. It included cities like Florence, Pisa, and Siena, and was a significant center of Renaissance culture and politics. Governed as a duchy under the Suzerain of the Holy Roman Empire, it played a key role in European history until it was incorporated into the larger Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century. The duchy combined political authority with a rich cultural legacy, especially in art, architecture, and science.