Donald Schoen

Donald Schön was an influential American philosopher and educator renowned for his work on professional practice and reflective thinking. He introduced the concept that professionals learn and improve through "reflection-in-action"—thinking critically while actively working on a problem—and "reflection-on-action," which involves reviewing and learning from past experiences. Schön’s ideas have significantly impacted fields like education, management, and design, emphasizing the importance of ongoing learning, adaptive thinking, and practical judgment in complex and uncertain situations. His work encourages professionals to continually reflect to improve their skills and decision-making in real-world settings.