DNA supercoiling

DNA supercoiling refers to the over-winding or under-winding of the DNA double helix beyond its normal state. This process helps the DNA molecule fit compactly within the cell nucleus and plays a key role in gene regulation and DNA replication. Supercoiling can be positive (over-wound) or negative (under-wound), affecting how easily the DNA strands separate or come together. Specialized enzymes called topoisomerases manage supercoiling, ensuring the DNA maintains a manageable shape for cellular processes. Overall, supercoiling is a natural way cells organize and control their genetic information efficiently.