Dielectric Breakdown Theory

Dielectric breakdown theory explains how insulating materials (dielectrics) suddenly become conductive when subjected to very high electric fields. Under normal conditions, dielectrics resist electric current, but if the electric field exceeds a certain critical level, it causes intense energy in the material’s molecules, creating free charges that lead to a rapid, uncontrolled flow of electricity. This process damages the dielectric, often causing a persistent short circuit. Essentially, dielectric breakdown is the point at which an insulator fails and cannot prevent electrical current, which is important for designing safe electrical systems.